production on a population level and suggests AGD can
provide some information about a man
s reproductive
potential.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to
disclose.
References
1. Greenham LW, Greenham V. Sexing mouse pups. Lab Anim.
1977;11:181
4.
2. Hsieh MH, Breyer BN, Eisenberg ML, Baskin LS. Associations
among hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance, and endo-
crine disruption. Curr Urol Rep. 2008;9:137
42.
3. Marois G. [Action of progesterone, testosterone and estradiol on the
anogenital distance and somatic sexual differentiation in rats]. Biol
Med (Paris) 1968;57:44
90.
4. Thankamony A, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Acerini CL, Hughes IA.
Anogenital distance from birth to 2 years: a population study.
Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:1786
90.
5. Torres-Sanchez L, Zepeda M, Cebrian ME, Belkind-Gerson J,
Garcia-Hernandez RM, Belkind-Valdovinos U, et al.
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene exposure during the first trimester
of pregnancy alters the anal position in male infants. Ann N YAcad
Sci. 2008;1140:155
62.
6. Salazar-Martinez E, Romano-Riquer P, Yanez-Marquez E,
Longnecker MP, Hernandez-Avila M. Anogenital distance in human
male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study.
Environ Health. 2004;3:8.
7. Sathyanarayana S, Beard L, Zhou C, Grady R. Measurement and
correlates of ano-genital distance in healthy, newborn infants. Int J
Androl. 2010;33:317
23.
8. Eisenberg ML, Hsieh MH, Walters RC, Krasnow R, Lipshultz LI.
The relationship between anogenital distance, fatherhood, and fertil-
ity in adult men. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18973.
9. Mendiola J, Stahlhut RW, Jorgensen N, Liu F, Swan SH. Shorter
anogenital distance predicts poorer semen quality in young Men in
rochester, New york. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:958
63.
10. Eisenberg ML, Jensen TK, Walters RC, Skakkebaek NE, Lipshultz
LI. The relationship between anogenital distance and reproductive
hormone levels in adult men. J Urol. 2012;187:594
8.
11. Eisenberg ML, Hsieh TC, Lipshultz LI. The relationship between
anogenital distance and age. Andrology. 2013;1:90
3.
12. Eisenberg ML, Shy M, Chanc Walters R, Lipshultz LI. The relation-
ship between anogenital distance and azoospermia in adult men. Int J
Androl. 2012;35:726
30.
13. Eisenberg ML, Shy M, Herder D, Walters RC, Lipshultz LI. The
relationship between anogenital distance and the efficacy of varico-
cele repair. BJU Int. 2012;110:E927
30.
14. Castano-Vinyals G, Carrasco E, Lorente JA, Sabate Y, Cirac-
Claveras J, Pollan M, et al. Anogenital distance and the risk of
prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2012;110:E707
10.
15. Dean A, Sharpe RM. Clinical review: Anogenital distance or digit
length ratio as measures of fetal androgen exposure: relationship to
male reproductive development and its disorders. The Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013;98:2230
8.
16. Behre HM, Nashan D, Nieschlag E. Objective measurement of
testicular volume by ultrasonography: evaluation of the technique
and comparison with orchidometer estimates. Int J Androl. 1989;12:
395
403.
17. Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW,
Behre HM, et al. World Health Organization reference values for
human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16:231
45.
18. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas
under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves:
a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837
45.
19. Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, Shiboski SC, McCulloch CE. Regression
Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated
Measures Models. New York: Springer; 2005.
20. Larson WJ. Human Embryology. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill
Livingstone; 1997.
21. Callegari C, Everett S, Ross M, Brasel JA. Anogenital ratio: measure
of fetal virilization in premature and full-term newborn infants. J
Pediatr. 1987;111:240
3.
22. Macleod DJ, Sharpe RM, Welsh M, Fisken M, Scott HM, Hutchison
GR, et al. Androgen action in the masculinization programming
window and development of male reproductive organs. Int J
Androl. 2010;33:279
87.
23. Welsh M, MacLeod DJ, Walker M, Smith LB, Sharpe RM. Critical
androgen-sensitive periods of rat penis and clitoris development. Int J
Androl. 2010;33:e144
52.
24. Moss JL, Crosnoe LE, Kim ED. Effect of rejuvenation hormones on
spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:1814
20.
25. Mitchell RT, Mungall W, McKinnell C, Sharpe RM, Cruickshanks L,
Milne L et al. Anogenital distance (AGD) plasticity in adulthood:
Implications for its use as a biomarker of fetal androgen action.
Endocrinology 2014:en20141534.
484
J Assist Reprod Genet (2015) 32:479
484